Calculating table and the like



Sep 26, 1950 J. H. STARR 2,523,453

CALCULATING TABLE AND THE LIKE Fi1ed Nov. 12, 1947 e Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. James Hsrarr;

Sept. 26, 1950 Filed Nov. 12, 1947 aw 23a;

Horig Amp. 3o?: 0 3 322 sol 4 Nu!) Ifl lCdTOY J. H; STARR 2,523,453

CALCULATING TABLE AND THE LIKE 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 262 Vdfoge 63"" 4 269 INVENTOR. James H.6Tar'r;

J. H. STARR CALCULATING TABLE AND THE LIKE Sept. 26, 1950 j.

6 Sheets-Shee't i-iled Nov. 12, 1947 mmw as WENT INVENTOR. James H Sfar'r',

Sept. 26, 159 J. H. STARR 2,523,453

CALCULATING TABLE AND THE LIKE- F'iled Nov. 12, 1947 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 i M 'm 'm m m m m 17 1 V 9% F3 IBM.

- -INVENTOR. James H. fircr'r;

J. H.. STARR 2,53,453

CALCULATING TABLE AND THE LIKE Sept. 26, 1950 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Nov. 12, 1947 I N VEN TOR.

. Tar-r;

Patented Sept. 2 6, 1956 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,523,453 CALCULATING TABLEAND' THE LIKE James H. Starr, La Grange, Ill, Application November 12, 1947', serial-No. 785,464

9 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in cal,- oulating boards or tables, and the like. The invention concerns itself primarily with: improvements in alternating current operated boards wherein provision is made for simulating elements of a real network, and for making adjust:- ments of said elements to simulate'theconditions of impedance existing in said. real network elements as well as making various measurements of currents and potentials from which indications of conditions existing in the simulated real network may be obtained.

Generally speaking the impedance of any section of the real network, R-l-JX, is simulated by a corresponding section of the miniature network of impedance r-Hr, where the relation r/R::c/X=a constant, and where the same constant applies to all branches of the network. Heretofore the resistance components of the impedances of the real network have been represented by rheo'stats, andthereactive-components have been representedby adjustable inducta-nces which have usually consisted of one or two coils with iron cores having air gaps; to reduce-saturation, and tapped windings. In some instances the dimensions of the air gaps have been adjust-s turns: or the core" gap are varied the ratio between the total and partial linkages varies in a complex-manner, with theresult that the adjustwould be desirable from other considerations.

able to further aid in adjustingthe: inductance to the desired value. The details of several such structures currently in use'are: described. in the literature on this subject.

Certain disadvantages are inherent in the structures currently being employed and'briefly described as above. The losses in. the coillstnucture, including both copper losses in the. coil proper and iron losses in the core, appeanas an undesired resistance component of the impedance, and usually must be compensated for by a readjustment of the rheostat provided torepresent the resistance. The iron losses vary with the core density which in turn varies with the current flowed through the element; Since the current is frequently the independent variable, such variation in impedance of the simulating coil structure cannot readily be compensated for and m ustbe minimized by use of'low cored'ensities and careful design. Also, the inductance of the coil assembly is composed of the inductance due to flux in the corewhichli'nks'all active turns, and that flux wholly or partially'in air and linking' only a part of the'turns. As the number of Ihe effect of maintaining the above ratio at a low value. is to increase the current in each calculating-board circuit.v This relatively large base has not been regarded as a serious objection heretofore because another factor has also tended to encourage the use of larger currents, such as of the order of amperes instead of milliamperes. This second factor has been the characteristics of available metering equipment, the impedance of which has been regarded as too great top'ermit its insertion into any selected branch of the miniature network without incurring unacceptably large insertion errors; except when the large current base is'employed. Inamy co-pending application for Improvements in Calculating Tables, and the Like, Serial No. 770,850, filed August 27, 1947, I have disclosed structures through the use of which metering'may be accomplished without insertion errors, and with any selected current base. Another method of reducing or eliminating insertion errors has been proposed in the literature and incorporated in a few existing practical calculating boards. It comprises the insertion of a thermionic amplifier between the instrument equipment and miniature network. These arrangements permit the use of much larger impedance bases than have heretofore been regarded as practicable; except as may be imposed by the previously mentioned difficulty in providing inductance units of large inductance values.

The advantages flowing from the-use of small current bases are several. Obviously the copper losses of all components of the calculating board vary with the square of the currents and inversely as the'resistance of such components. As an increase of impedance base is a natural consequence of decrease of current base, voltage being held at a present level, the actual losses of a complete calculating board will be roughly proportional to the current base selected. The reduction in losses made by the reduction in current base is immediately reflected in a reduction in required ability of the individual components to dissipate these losses as heat. Therefore such reduction in current base makes for a very substantial reduction in space requirements and manufacturing costs. Equally important is the fact that the resistance of interconnecting leads .and contacts produces voltage drops which are proportional to the magnitude of currents carried, and these voltage drops cause errors in the results, which errors, in particular instances have been found to be significant. The deterioration of a contact with lapse of time is adversely affected by its temperature as is well known; and such deterioration leads to increased resistance and further increased heating which further inlocked at any desired point to permit adjustment of the phase position of the delivered voltage which is taken from the so-locked rotor. To avoid undesirable effects from reactance of the rotor winding it is necessary to operate the complete voltage source at low electric and magnetic densities, and thus rather large and expensive units have been employed. As the voltage drops are proportional to current magnitude, any reduction in current magnitude consequent on the use of a smaller current base will permit a corresponding reduction in cost and weight of the voltage source units without increased error from internal reactance.

Generally speaking the present invention covers improvements in the elements employed in the calculating board to simulate the inductive reactance components in the real network.

'As will presently appear, the improvements herein disclosed permit the use of a high impedance base with a correspondingly low current base, and without introducing any of the disadvantages inherent in the constructions heretofore employed, and briefly described in the preceding paragraphs. Since a typical alternating current calculating board may be expected to employ something over one hundred elements for the purpose of simulating inductive reactance, the importance of any reduction in cost or space requirements in these elements is of itself of substantial value, in addition to the other previously mentioned advantages. At this point I may mention that briefly stated my present improvements involve the use, in my calculating board elements, of the conjugates of corresponding impedance elements, either inductive or capacitive, together with the necessary connections and means to bring these conjugate elements into correct values to simulate the values of corresponding impedance elements of the real network, but in conjugate form and value, and together with the means to produce necessary indications of cur rent and voltage values when using such conjugate elements. The following further statements will show certain benefits flowing from such inversions, and from the use of such conjugate elements, and will relate such conjugate elements to the discussion already given.

In a real network the impedance of a typical branch may be expressed as R+JX. In a calculating board as heretofore constructed this impedance is represented as r-j-ar. The current in such branch of the real network may be expressed as l-JI where the minus sign indicates lagging power factor, a frequent condition. In the calculating board this is represented by i'ji". The voltage drop across the element in the real network is then The corresponding relation in the typical calculating board is I propose to use, in the calculating board network, impedances which are proportional to the conjugates of corresponding impedances of the real network. Therefore I propose to represent the impedance R+JX of the real network by r-ya: in the miniature network, where r7'.r is proportional to the conjugate of the value r-H'a: heretofore employed. Similarly I propose to represent the current I-JI of the real network by i+7.i, which is also the conjugate of practice heretofore employed in such devices. Also, the drop across the element of the miniature network is the product and this is proportional to the conjugate of the drop obtained in the solution of the same circuit on a conventional calculating board, and has a vector angle equal but opposite in sign to that of the drop in the real network which is being simulated.

It will also be apparent that the use of conjugate impedances throughout will result in currents in the miniature network which are conjugates of those currents which would be present if conjugate impedances were not used in the miniature network. Also the voltage drops in all branches of the miniature network will be opposite in sign of their vector angles to those occurring in the same branches of the real network. For this reasonit is also necessary that the angle calibration of indicating instrument equipment and of all adjustable voltage sources be reversed from the angles which would be employed had conjugate quantities not been used.

In comparison with inductive reactance units, the capacitive reactance unit arrangement herein disclosed offers decided advantages among which I may mention the following:

In the calculating board assembly presently to be disclosed in detail the capacitive elements consist of condensers, jacks, and decade switches, all of which are standard commercial items available at small cost through normal trade channels. Space requirements are substantially reduced by the use of capacitive impedances in place of inductive impedances. It is simple and convenient to provide a relatively high impedance base permitting use of low current base and substantial savings in cost and space requirements of all other components of the complete calculating board. The resistance compothan in the case of inductive coils at similar fre-' quencies. The readily available reactance values of standard condensers permit the use of standard sixty cycle power supply if desired, without greatly increasing the space and cost requirements. Condensers are substantially constant 1i asse-45s in impedance within their ratings in contrast to iron core coils where saturation, even though minimized by the use of an air gap, is a nonlinear factor.

Now it will be apparent that the conjugate form of impedance in a calculating board requires that capacitive reactances in a real network be represented by inductive reactances in the simulating miniature network, with all the disadvantages previously mentioned as inherent in the construction and adjustment of inductive assemblies for calculating board use. In a real practical power system network capacitive reactance of a magnitude sufficient to require representation in miniature in the simulating network on the calculating board does not occur as frequently as does inductive reactance. Thus the disadvantages arising in the representation of capacitive reactance in the real network in conjugate form Will arise in a relatively small number of individual circuits, while the advantages of representing inductive reactance in conjugate form will accrue in a much larger number of circuits of the simulating network.

Included among those circuits of a real net'- work having capacitive reactance which must be represented in conjugate form by inductive reactance in the simulating network, are transmission lines of substantial length and having significant distributed capacitive reactance between line conductors and ground. Even in the longest such lines the capacitive reactance to ground is large in comparison to the inductive reactance of the line conductors from terminal to terminal. To represent such a large capacitive reactance in conjugate form would require an inductive element of large reactance. To provide a suificiently large inductive reactance in the form of an iron cored coil and including, in the form of taps or otherwise, the necessary range of adjustment to simulate the capacitive reactance of any practical length and configuration of transmission line conductors, would be necessarily excessively expensive. Furthermore, the resistance of such a tapped coil structure would vary with which avoids these disadvantages. This means comprises the use of an inductance and a condenser in parallel, the condenser being adjustv The following furable in capacitive reactance.

ther analysis of this arrangement will clarify this description:

l The sum oflthese currents inthe parallel path is,

is independent of the value of the condenser at the frequency and voltage contemplated. With the specific choke considered for a practical application, it is too small to produce a readable deflection of the instruments used in the calculating board. Even so, it is a known quantity and may be subtracted from observed readings but this is believed to be a totally unnecessary refinement.

The Iq portion of the quadrature component is constant at fixed voltage and is independent of the value of the condenser. The I' portion is related to the condenser and is directly proportional to the capacity used. If the'condenser is varied from zero capacity to that necessary to pass a current equal to I the quadrature component varies between Iq and zero and isalways lagging. The value of Iq for the particular choke considered for a practical application may be adjusted over'a range of condenser capacities which is comparable to the range used in a typical condenser bank herein disclosed to represent a load. This range of about 15/1 appears adequate to represent any normal transmission line which is to be simulated.

The use of a condenser or group of condensers, of adjustable capacitive reactance, in parallel with an inductive reactance element of fixed value, permits the adjustment of the effective reactance of the parallel combination over a wide range of values while the inductance and the resistance of the inductive element remain constant at some convenient fixed values. This fact, together with the previously mentioned fact that the necessity for use of inductive representation of real capacitive circuits is limited to a relatively few cases, permits the use of conjugates, as here disclosed, to substantial overall advantage in cost of manufacture and in space requirements.

I have herein disclosed the features of my present conjugate arrangement as incorporated within calculating boards of practical arrangement. For this purpose the present features have been herein disclosed as will presently appear, in forms of calculating board embodying some of the features of my previously issued Letters Patent of given element of the miniature network into proper adjustment to simulate a corresponding real network element it is necessary to make provision for adjustment of the capacitive value of such simulating element. This means that the capacitive value of such simulating element must be adjustable within the desired range and also under conditions such that acceptable ,error values will not be exceeded at any adjusted value. Any acceptable arrangement of variation of the capacitive value of the condenser element may therefore be used. I prefer, however, to make use of a series of condensers of various values for each capacitive element, and to use with them simple switching means whereby these various condensers may be grouped into various groupings as the switch is moved from position to position, thereby securing the adjustment of the ensemble to the required capacitive total value. As will. hereinafter appear I..prefer1 and have .dis-

in V whichusev is made of to amaximum value. I have, in doing this, so

; .chosen these several condensers that agroupor groups of them may be used for representation,

in conjugate form, of real network values, and 7 another group or groups of these fixed condensers may then be used for securing Vernier adjustments of the entire ensemble to an exact total capacitance value. I have also so arranged these groups of fixed value condensers that they comprise what may be called decades, as will presently appear.

It is recognized that commercial condensers are manufactured to rather large tolerances, normally as much as 20%.

However, condensers of '1 tolerance are readily available-throughout Q the range selected for the ensemble, but closer tolerances are not obtainable except on special order. The effect of a 10% tolerance in any decade in the ensemble is nominally identical with that of the capacity associated with the corresponding switch position in the next smaller decade of the ensemble. It will presently be seen that, within a range of from 0.027 to 2.70 microfarads it is possible to obtain any desired capacity value within a margin of the order of 1% with f any or all individual condensers subject to the full tolerance of 10%.

. by the fact that the smaller capacity condensers f of the first or smallest decade are of a size avail- This is further improved able in so-called mica and silver construction with a standard commercial error of only 5%.

As will presently appear, and in one example of the. selection of condenser values hereinafter to be disclosed, one of the decades of the switch is arranged to provide variations of capacity by steps of 0.0003microfarad from 0.0003 to 0.0027.

Succeeding decades of the switch are arranged to provide variations of capacity by steps of [0.003 microfarad from 0.003 to 0.027, and to provide variations of capacity by steps of 0.03 microfarad from 0.03 to 2.70. If the decades f. providing for adjustments between 0.03 and 2.70

' arrangement.

be considered as being intended for normal use, the smaller decades being intended for Vernier adjustments, then we have available a range from 0.03 to 2.70 microfarads, or a range of substantially 100/1. This range will generally be found to meet the range requirements needed in simulating real networks; but in case a further and.

higher range may be required it may be secured by provision of another decade in the condenser In fact, I contemplate providing a few impedance elements in the miniature network which are thus provided with an extra decade of condensers and switching elements to meet special. conditions which may be encountered in special networks.

Other objects and uses of the present invention will appear from a detailed description of the same, which consists in the features of construction and combinations of parts hereinafter describedand claimed.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 shows schematically a' typical network element including a resistance and inductance as represented by an element of a calculating board in conventional form;

Figure 2 shows a vector diagram of the typical ."inductiv'e circuit'element shown in Figure 1;

Figure? shows-schematically the networkelement of- Figure 1, .butwith. the inductance repre- .sented in conjugatev form i calculating boardhaving nine units for simulating real network elements, each of said 'nine units beingprovided with the features of the present invention, together-with instrument and .circuit. provisions'as disclosed in-my issued patent,..No. 2,301,470,..to accomplish the adjustment of the individual impedance elementstodesired simulating-values and to measure the distribu- .ltion of currents in the completed simulatingnetwork. This figure indicates athermi0nic-am- 'plifier. insertedahead of thecurrent responsive indicating instrument topermitthe us e',of a

. commercially, available instrument ,movement without. introducing unacceptable errors.Wh6n

the impedance of. the movement, is inserted into f, .a network of .relativelyhigh impedance. The use of suchan amplifier for, reduction of instrument insertion error isv well known and itis includedin the figure for the purpose of illustrating one simple means for incorporation of the features of the, present disclosure in a calculating board constructed as disclosed in the issued patent previously mentioned. H

Figure 5 shows a simple calculating board circuit embodying the features disclosed in Letters Patent, No. 2,301,470, and also the features disclosed in my copending application, Serial No. 770,850, as used for alternating current source operation, but modifiedbyinclusionof the conjugatefeatures which constitute a portion of the present application; this Figure 5 showing only a single network element, but'which is characteristic of the conjugate elements of a complete calculating board embodying the features of the presentapplication and the capacitance element or section of this network element being shown in Figure 5 in block form for simplicity of illustration; r I

Figure 6 shows the characteristic network element of Figure 5?, but with the capacitance element shown in full detail including switching means connected thereto for enabling the capacity of this elementto be adjusted as needed;

Figure 7 shows a typical transmission line having a substantial amount of distributed capacity,

' tributed constants;

Figure 8 shows an equivalent representation of the transmission line of Figure 7, but with the distributed capacity of'the entire line represented by capacitances at the ends of the line; the inductance and resistance components of the transing to the arrangement shown in Figure 10; and

Figure 12 shows schematically a portion of a typical calculating board, namely, one of the simulating elements thereof, in conjugate arrangement, together with certain of the connections to be used with such element; and this figure shows the network element with its resistance and condenser sections normally connected aseanss in parallel, which is the preferred arrangement to,

represent a load in contrast to a series arrangement as used to represent a line or a transformer; and this figure also shows, at the lower left-hand corner thereof, a choke with its unavoidable resistance indicated separately; and. this figure shows how, by use of a patch cord the two ele ments may be connected in parallel with the resistance portion of the main element removed from the circuit.

In Figure 1 I have shown a typical inductive circuit as represented on a calculating board of conventional design, in which inductive reactance is represented as being truly inductive. In this case the voltage E1 is impressed on an inductive load circuit resulting in a current I1 which lags the impressed voltage. This current would be represented in complex form by the expression i17'i"1. If the load is supplied from a source over a circuit of impedance consisting of a resistance r and an inductance x, represented in complex form as r-l-y'ar, the resulting drop is shown in Figure 2 as the vector sum of the two dropsrh and $11. The voltage at the source, E2, is the vector sum of the voltage at the load E1 and the drop ZIi, and is seen to lead the delivered voltage.

Now in Figure 3 I have shown the same real circuit as it would be represented in a calculating board employing conjugate quantities instead of the true quantities. The voltage at the load, E1, is, arbitrarily shown in the same position as it is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The load impedance is represented by its conjugate, and therefore the load current will lead the applied voltage as shown by I1, having the components i'1+:ii"1. The impedance between load and source is represented as r-yzr, using the conjugate of that employed in the preceding paragraph. The resulting drop as shown in Figure 3'is the vector sum of the two drops T11 and M1, and is shown to be opposite in vector angle to the corresponding vector of Figure 2. The voltage at the source is shown as E2, and is shown to be the conjugate of the corresponding value in Figure While Figures 2 and 4 are drawn for a simple series circuit, it will be apparent that similar relations will exist in any circuit of any complexity when it is represented with all significant quandesignated as H in my issued patent, No.

2,301,470. For simplicity in illustration the positions Adjust plus 0.1 and Read Total I of the i switch H of said issued patent have been omitted from the showing of Figure 5, and the remaining positions will be seen to correspond as indicated in the tabulation below:

Switch position in Figure 2 of issued Switch position in Figure 5 of this application Patent, No. 2,301,470

Read I Branch I On Off Adjust R or X Adjust Plus 0 For the purposes of this description, thereact- 1 ance element 233 may be either inductive or capacitive, but I prefer to employ capacitive reactance for the reasons previously stated, and in;

Figure 6 hereof a detail is shown of the contents-w of the rectangular box indicated as 233 in Figure 5. This Figure 6 will be described in detail pres I When so interconnected, the following circuit tities, currents, voltages, and impedances, in conjugate form.

Referring now to Figure 5, I have therein shown an alternating current calculating board consisting of nine elements, each of which may be adjusted to any value of resistance and any value of reactance, within the respective range of such adjustments provided, to properly simulate a real network of not to exceed nine branches. I have showna single source of unit alternating current potential together with a potential responsive instrument for the purpose of monitoring the terminal volt-age of said source. I have also shown a single switch having five electrically independent switch arms which are arranged to operate together in gang to any selected one of the'three positions; a current responsive indicating instrument; and a thermionic amplifier in circuit with said instrument. One only of the nine circuit elements is shown in circuit detail to include two jacks indicated as 240 and 241, respectively, a resistance element adjustable in value indicated as 232, anda reactive element adjustable in value and indicated as 233*. The five pole'switch l I is shown in the off position, and corresponds to the switch continuities may be traced:

When the plug associated with the three con-' ductor cord is inserted into jack 240, and the five pole'switch is moved to the position indicated as Adjust R or X, a circuit is completed from the potential source through pole 5 of the switch to pole 3 of the switch to the sleeve or jack 2-40," through the resistance 232 to the tipv of jack 240, through the tip lead of the cord, through pole -I" of the switch to the thermionic amplifier and thence through pole 4 of the switch, returning to' the potential source. This is an exact duplicate" of the circuit found in the disclosure of my is-I sued patent, No. 2,301,470, when switch ll there-' of is in the Adjust Plus 0 position, except that the circuit is presently completed to a thermionic amplifier instead of directly to the current re-' sponsive indicator 43 of the issued patent. In; the present application the amplifier output is impressed upon the instrument 3! l the indication of which is, preferably, linearly related to the, current supplied to the amplifier input terminals and the amplifier is introduced to reduce or eliminate the insertion error of the instrument when inserted directly into the circuit. As disclosed in the issued patent, the instrument 3 may be furnished with a suitable scale, reciprocally related to the magnitude of current flowing in the instrument movement, which may be caused to indicate directly the resistance of the element 232 in Per Unit Z terms, or any other units which may prove convenient.

Had the plug been inserted in jack 2 ll instead of jack 240, the circuit would be completed as described in the preceding paragraph, except that the reactance element 238 would have been included in circuit with the amplifier, and the potential source, instead of the resistance element 232. When the reactance is capacitive reactance at frequencies of the order of sixty cycles, the resulting current at the amplifier input terminals will lead the applied voltage by very nearly degrees, that is, any in-phase component of current will be negligibly small. The magnitude of the current flowing in the movement of the instrument 3| I will, if we still assume linearity of the amplifier, be reciprocally related to the magnitude of the capacity reactance of the element 233 and by use of the same reciprocal form of scale, the instrument will indicate directly the magnitude of such capacity reactance in any terms which may appear appropriate. The vector position of the current fed to the amplifier input with respect to that of the source potential will notafiect the indication 'of' the instrument.

If the plug is inserted in either jack, and the switch movedto-the position marked Read I, the circuit from the two sides of the potential source is completed to the two buses. 31 and 38 of 'the issued patent. The current flowing in the particular branch into which the plug has been inserted enters the tip of the plug from the tip contact of the jack and passes to the amplifier through pole I, returning to the network element through pole 2 and the ring contact of the jack. The instrument 3| I indicates the magnitude of this current through the linear action of the amplifier and the circuit corresponds in all respects to that obtained in the issued patent when the switch 1| thereof is in the position Branch I. Since by introduction of the amplifier, the

impedance of the instrument 3| l is reduced to rent magnitude without regard to phase position and the scale provided for suchindication would be substantially linear except as it may be modified by the inherent characteristics of the instru-' ment movement or of the amplifier, or both.

.I have shown in Figure one manner of incorporation of the herein disclosed simulation of real impedance in miniature and in' conjugate form into a calculating board structure well known in the art and exemplified by my issued patent, No. 2,301,470. A second formof calculating board structure differing in the structure employed for measuring impedance values and current distribution is disclosed in my pending application, Serial No. 770,850. In Figure 5 hereof I have shown a portion of the structure disclosed in said pending application, particularly Figure 6 thereof, with the exception that I have shown the reactive portion of a typical imp'ed-' ance element as a rectangular box or compartment indicated as 7233 instead of as a reactive coil as in the corresponding figure of the pending application. The contents of the rectangular compartment are shown in detail in Figure 6 of this application, and further described below. It will be seen that the substitution of capacitive reactance in the form of condensers and suitable switching all as shown in Figure '6 hereof for the inductive reactance of Figure 6 of the copending application, results in no changes in the remainder of the structure except only that the sign of calibration of the angular position of the potential source 250 must be reversed. All the previously stated advantages of the simulation of real network impedances in conjugate form are realized in Figure 5 hereof when incorporated into a calculating board embodying the disclosures of my pending application, Serial No. 770,850.

Referring now to Figure 6 I have therein shown the impedance section 233 (of Figure 5 or Figme 5 in full detail, and also as related to the resistance section of variable quantity. This impedance section is schematically shown as included within the dashed line 455 of Figure 6 for convenience. This dashed line section may be in the form of a box or other suitable and convenient element to comprise a portion of the miniature network element. It includes a number of coneach including a three contact switch which has 15 a gang of three movable contacts, each of which contacts is movable from a zero or oil position to any one of nine contacting positions, all three contacts moving in gang form to the selected position; and. the form shown in Figure 6 also includes four condensers in each decade.

In detail, the embodiment shown in Figure 6 includes the fourindependently movable gang switches 45!, 402, 453 and 484 for the four decades; and these switches in turn include the contacts or blades 405, 458 and 451; 458, 449 and 410; 41!, H2 and 4l3; and 4l4, M5 and 416. For the blade 405 there are the contacts M1, M8, M9,

425,42 I,422,423,424,425 and 425; for the blade 456 there are the contacts 421, 428, 429, 430, 43!, 432, 43 3, 434, 435 and 436; and for the blade 451 there are the contacts 431, 438, 439, 440, 44!, 442, 443, 444, 445 and 445. For the blade 458 there are the contacts 441, 443, 449, 450, 45L 452. 453, 454, 455 and 455; for the blade 459 there are the contacts'451, 453, 459, 460, 46I, 4E2, 453,

464, 465 and 465; and for the blade me there are the contacts 431, 468, 459, 410, 41!, 412, 413, 414, 415 and 415. For the blade 4H there are the contacts 411, 418, 415, 488, 48!, 4-82, 483, 484, 455 and 486; for the blade 482 there are theconta'cts 481,488, 489, 493, 455, 452, 493, 494, 495 and 495; and for the blade 4E3 there are the contacts 451, 498, 499, 505, 50L 552, 503, 504, 505 and 555. For the blade 424 there are the contacts 501, 558, 559, 5H], 5H, 5l2, 5l3, 5H4, 5I5 and 516; for the blade 4l5 there are the contacts 5|1, 518, 5l9, 52!], 52l, 522, 523, 524,

. 525 and 525; and for the blade 4|6 there are the contacts 521, 528, 529, 530, 53!, 532, 533, 534, 535 and 536. It will be understood that all three of the blades 465, 456 and 481 move together in gang, that all three of the blades 4%, 409 and 410 move together in gang, that all three of the blades 4| I, M2 and M3 move together in gang,

and that all three of the blades 414, M5 and 4H5 move together in gang.

For the decade switch 40! there ar the fixed condensers 531, 538, 539 and 540; for the decade switch 452 there are the fixed condensers 54!, 542, 543 and 544; for the decade switch 443 there are the fixed condensers 545, 545, 541 and 548; and for the decade switch 404 there are the fixed condensers-549, 5'50, 551, and 552.

There is provided a bus bar 553 to which all of the movable blades 405 to 416, inclusive are connected, so that as said blades are moved to their various selected positions they always maintain connection with this busbar. This busbar is connected to one of the jack elements presently to be described. There is also a busbar 554 to which one side of each of the condensers 531 to 552 is connected so that by connecting the other sides of selected condensers to the busbar 553 the capacitive value or quantity which will be established between the two busbars 553 and 554 is ad- I condensers to the busbar 554 I have provided the lines 555, 558, 551 and 558 extending from the bus-- 7 bar alongside of the four decades, respectively, and to which the proper/condensers are connected.

, The contacts 428, 42!, 422 and 423 are connected together by the line 559, the contacts 424,

425 and 428 are connected together by the line 568, the contacts 432 and 433 are connected together by the line 56!, the contacts 433 and 436 are connected together by the line 562, and the contacts 443 and 436 are connected together by the line 563. Also, the contacts 432 and M9 are connected together by the line 564, the contacts 43! and 4!!! are connected together by the line 585, and the contacts 443 and 43! are connected together by the line '66. Likewise, the contacts 458, 454, 452 and 453 are connected together by th line 581, the contacts 454, 4 55 and 458 are connected together by the line 568, the contacts 482 and 453 are connected together by the line 589, the contacts 463 and 466 are connected to-.

gether by the line 518, and the contacts 413 and 415 are connected together by the line 51!. Also, the contacts 462 and 449 are connected together by the line512, the contacts 46! and 448 areconnected together by the line 513, and the contacts 413 and 46! are connected together by the line 514. Likewise, the contacts 488, 48!. 482 and 483 are connected together by the line 515, the contacts 484, 485 and 488 are connected together by the line 518, the contacts 492 and 493 are connected together by the line 511, the contacts 493 and .496 are connected together by the line 518, and the contacts 583 and 585 are connected together by the line 519. Also, the contacts 492 and 419 are connected together by the line 588, the contacts 49! and 418 are connected together by the line 58!, and the contacts 583 and 49! are connected together by the line 582. Likewise, the contacts 5l8, 5| 5l2 and 5l3 are connected together by the line 583, the contacts 5l4, 5l5 and 5l6 are connected together by the line 584, the contacts 522 and 523 are connected together by the line 585, the contacts 523 and 526 are connected together by the line 586, and the contacts 533 and 535 are connected together by the line 591. Also,"the,contacts 522 and 589 are con.- nected together by the line 588, thecontacts 52! nected to the contact M8, the free terminal of the condenser 538 is connected to the contact M9, the free terminal of the condenser 539 is connected to the contact 428, and the free terminal of the condenser 548 is connected to the contact 424. Also, the free terminal of the condenser 54! is connected to the contact 448, the free terminal of the condenser 542 is connected to the contact 449, the free terminal of the con-,

. denser 543 is connected to the contact 458, and

the free terminal of the condenser 544 is connected to the contact 454. Also, the free termi contact 488, and the free terminal of the condenser 548 is connected to the contact 484. Also,

the free terminal of the condenser 549 is conand 588 are connected together by the line 589,

and the contacts 533 and 52! are connected to gether by the line 598.

The effect of the foregoing connections is that the contacts 428, 42!,422 and 423 comprise a group, the contacts 424, 425'and 426 comprise a group, the contacts M9, 432, 433 and 436 comprise a group, and the contacts 4I8;,43!, 443 and 445 comprise 'a group. ,Also, that the contacts 458;,45l, 452 and453 comprise a group, the contacts454, 455 and 456 comprise agroup, the contacts 448, 462, 453 and 466 comprise a group, and the contacts 448, 48!, 413 and 415 comprise a group. Also, that the contacts 488, 48!, 482 and 483 comprise a group, the contacts 484, 485 and 486 comprise a group, the contacts 419, 492, 493 and 493 comprise a group, and the contacts 418, 49!, 583 and 585 comprise a group. Also, that the con- "tacts 5l8, 5! l, 5l2 and 5!3 comprise a group, the contacts 5M, 5!?) and 5|6 comprise a group, the

finected to the contact 588, the free terminal of the condenser 558 is connected to the contact 589, the free terminal of the condenser 55! is connected to the contact 5H], and the free terminal of the condenser 552 is connected to the contact 5l4. Consequently these condensers are connected, respectively, to the various contact groups referred to ab'ove.

Preferably the condensersof each decade or switch control are of different impedance values. By this means it is possible to obtain decade condensance values depending not only on the individual impedance values of the several condensers themselves, but also on the combinations in which these several individual condensers are grouped in such decade. I shall now mention condenser values for the several condensers 531 to 552, inclusive illustrated herein, but in so doing I do not intend to limit myself to these or any other specific values, and I mention these values as illustrative, only. These illustrative values are as follows:

I Capacity, Condenser Number (Figure 6) Microfarads (Illustrative) -22 0. O6 539 Decade --7 M009 540 0.002]. a 2-32 6 543 Decade No. 2 0.009 544 0.021 545 z 0. 03 if; ecade No. 3 548 0. 21 549 0.3:

22 Decade N0. 4 fig 552 2.1

The impedance' values stated above are of cpurse the intended values, but, as already men- 15 cessive impedance values. may be obtained in the successive decades:

Condensers Capacity, Switch Position (Figure 6) Used lViicroiarads (Figure 6) (Combined) l 537 0. 0003 2 538 0. 0000 3 539 0.0009 4 539, 537 0.0012 6 Decade #1 539, 538 0. 0015 6 5.19, 537, 533 0.0018 7 0 0.0021 8 540, 537 0. 0024 9 540, 538 0.0027 1 541 01003 2 542 0.006 3 543 0.009 4 543,541 0.012 5 Decade #2 543, 542 0.015 6 543, 541, 542 0.018 7 0.021 s 544, 541 o. 024 9): 544, 542 01027 1 545 0. 03 2 546 0.06 3 547 0.09 4 547, 545v 0, l2 5 Decade #3 547, 546 0.15 6 517, 545, 546 0.18 7 548 0. 21 8 548, 545 0. 24 9 548, 546' 0. 27 1 549 0.3 2 550 0.6 3 551 0.9 4' 551, 549 1.2 5: Decade #4 551, 550 1. 5 6 551, 549, 550 1.8 7 552 2. 1 8 552, 549 2.4 9 552,550 2. 7

It is thus seenthat, with the foregoing selectionof condenser values Iam able to secure combined values from 0.0.003 to 0.0027 microfarad in. decade No. 1, combined values from 0.003 to 0.027 in decade No. 2, combined values from 0.03 to 0.27 microfarad in decade N0. 3, and combined values from 0.3 to 2.7 microfarads in decade No. 4. These combined values are for the several decades considered individually, and not in combinatiOns of decades.

It will be noted that if all four of the decades are used in sequential adjustments it is possible to obtain a combined capacity between the lowi er limit of 0.0003 microfarad (disregarding the full open or non-shifted switch. position, at which the reactance would theoretically be infinity), and the highest limit of 2.9997 microfarads (being the sum of the four high settings of the four decades). If all four of the decades are used it is possible to secure any capacity between these upper and lower limits by steps of 0.0003 microfarad, and on the assumption that all the condensers are of exactly their several rated values.

It is also noted that by using the two highest decades for settings to simulate real network branches; the settings of these two decades may be made by steps of 0.03 microfarad through the range from 0.03 to 2.97 microfarads; and when so used the two lower decades may be used. as verniers to secure exact settings, and also to take care of any commercial inaccuracies in the capacities of the several condensers of the two highest decades. It is also noted that with this arrangement it is possible to obtain increments in the capacitance of the combination always of the order of 1% or less, compared to the total desired capacitance. Thus, when the desired capacitance is of the order of 2.7 microfarads, each step of 0.0003 is of the order of 0.01% of the total, and even when the desired total is of the order of 0.3 microfarad such a step of 0.0003 is of the order of 1% of such total, so that in all cases aninaccuracy of 1% or smaller, is as-- sured. By provisionv of a fifth decade of capacitance onthe orderv of a multiple of ten compared to the highest decade herein shown a still greater range of adjustments would be possible, and a still smaller range of inaccuracies assured.

It may be noted that when using the two highest decades. for settings, using the two lowest.

decades for Vernier adjustments, the equivalent reactance of the combination of condensers is between 88,600 ohms and 894 ohms, or a range of substantially /1, on the basis of 60 cycles operation.

It will be noted that the form of conjugate impedance arrangement shown in Figures 5 and 5 hereof is well adapted for use in simulating transmission circuits or transformers, wherein the impedance of the simulated circuit is normally available in ohms or per unit values. In the representation of loads, however, the impedance values are not normally directly available, but rather the load data is expressed in kilovoltamperes and power factor, or in kilowatts and reactive kva. It is more convenient in adjusting an impedance element which represents a load, to adjust the resistance and reactance sections independently to those values which, at a stated impressed voltage, permit the passage of the desired active and reactive components of current without reference to the actual ohmic values of the respective sections. To permit such independent adjustments it is preferable to employ a parallel connection of the resistive and reactive elements as shown in Figure 12 rather than the series form shown in Figures 5 and 5 The advantage of the parallel arrangement for load representation arises from the fact that, in this form, adjustment of either section produces no alteration in the current flowing in the other, a condition not real ized in the series form.

In Figure 121 have shown an arrangement of resistance and reactance elements in which the two independently adjustable sections are connected in parallel. In the figure, the structure permanently connected between the busbars 639 and 640 includes the resistive element 232 with a jack for its convenient adjustment 641, and also includes a capacitive section including a total of 12 condensers 646 to 651, inclusive, together with switching means for the convenient connection of any or all thereof into the simulating network together with jack 642 for the convenient measurement of the reactance of the capacitive section. The structure of Figure 12 differs from that of Figure 6 in that the resistive and capacitive sections are in parallel in Figure 12and in series in Figure 6, each arrangement affording certain advantages in specific cases, as outlined in the preceding paragraph.

I shall now describe a modified arrangement which is well adapted for simulation of impedances wherein there are relatively large capacitances present in the real network elements, therefore requiring provision for simulation of such capacitancs in conjugate form in the miniature network. For this purpose reference may first be had to Figures 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

In Figure 7 I have shown schematically a transmission line having a substantial amount of line-to-ground distributed capacity. In this figure the line is conveniently shown as comprising a series of sections, each of which has an impedance consisting of a resistance and an has an equivalent line-to-ground capacity represented by the condenser showing in Figure 7. The impedances are numbered 59L 592, 593, 594, 595, 596 and 591, respectively, and the resistances are numbered 598, 599, 600, Bill, 502, 603 and 604, respectively. The distributed capacity to ground is shown by the condensers numbered 605, 606, 601, 608, 609 and 610, respectively,- and connected to points between the successive resistance, inductance elements.

Now it is well known that such a distributed line-to-ground capacity may be represented in equivalent form by considering that it comprises two capacities between the line ends and ground, and by considering the total line impedance to be represented by a consolidated impedance cornprising an equivalent resistance and an equivalent inductance. Accordingly, in Figure 8 I have made such an equivalent representation. In this figure the consolidated resistance is shown at I, and the consolidated inductance by the inductance 6|2, in series; and I have shown the equivalent capacitances to ground by the two condensers 613 and (H4. The showing of Figure 8 is therefore a showing of the entire line conditions,

-including distributed capacity to ground, in

equivalent form, and in conventional form, that is, inductance shown by inductance, and capacitance shown by capacitance.

In Figure 9 I have shown the representation of Figure 8, but in conjugate form. That is, the inductance (H2 is shown by the equivalent condenser 6l5, the resistance 6H is shown as before, and the two equivalent condensers are shown in conjugate form by the line-to-ground' induct ances Eli; and 611. The form of condenser arrangement heretofore described in Figure 6 and elsewhere may be used for representation of the capacitance and resistance Bic-Bil of Figure 9, by use of one of the condenser arrangements 01' said Figure 6, so that the desired combination of resistance and capacitance may thereby be secured; but I have already shown that the use of variableinductances or chokes in such'an arrangement as that of Figure 9, to simrulate the inductances tit and iii! in con ugate iorm presents some d mcult and obiectionable prob ems from a practical standpoint. Therefore, while it is possible to provide an arrangement including variable chokes or inductances to simulate the elements of Figure 9, including the chokes tit and til, I prefer to make use of another arrangement for simulation of these variable choke representations, which I shall now describe in detail. For this purpose reference may be had to Figures and 11.

In Figure 10 I have shown a series-parallel arrangement intended for use to replace each of the elements 615 and 6H of Figure 9. This series-parallel arrangement includes the inductance 6 l 8 and its inherent resistance 6 I 9 shown in series with each other and comprising a branch between the terminals .625 and 5H,; and a vari-g able condenser 622 comprising the other branch between said terminals. This variable condenser may be continuously variable, or may comprise a group of fixed condensers such as the decade arrangement shown in Figure 6. In any case, however, the capacitance of this element is adjustable to the required value. Now if the inductance of the element 6|8 be of fixed amount of value great enough to meet the maximum conditions which will he met in the calculating board position where such element of Figure 10 is to be used, it is evident that by making the capacity ductance 618 alone (including its resistance 6l9) Then, by bringing the condenser into the parallel circuit with this inductance the overall im pedance of the entire unit may be adjusted to that value, inductive in form, which will be equivalent to the desired inductance value for the unit M5 (or, Fill, as the case may be). Thus, the overall inductance of this series-parallel element may be readily adjusted by merely adjusting the condenser element 622, which adjustment may be very readily made, and with all the attendant advantages of use of a variable capacitance instead of a variable inductance, as already explained herein. j I

The functional analysis of this series-parallel arrangement will be better understood from the following:

When such a choke (as that of Figure 10, numeral tilt) is used alone and is connected be tween the terminals 625 and GM, of 1.0 per unit voltage, it will pass a current which may be resolved into two components, namely, 11) in phase with the applied voltage, and Iq in quadrature and lagging the applied voltage. This is the condition when the condenser has a capacityof zero. Then, when the condenser 522 is connected in parallel with the above choke (and its necessary resistance) between said terminals 625 and 52L with 1.0 per unit voltage, the combination will pass a current 1%, in quadrature and leadingthe applied voltage. Then the sum of these two currents in the two parallel paths is, I=I -7'(I -I' This relation is shown in vector form in Figure 11, wherein the component of current Iq is in phase with the applied voltage, the component Iq is the lagging quadrature component due to the inductive element 5H5, and the component I is the leading quadrature component due to the momentary value of the capacitance of the element 622, Evidently the difference between the components Iq and I i as shown in Figure 11, and by making the element (N8 of sufficiently large and fixed value this difference may be made always of lagging quality, as shown in Figure 11, thus ensuring the provision of a variable lagging component, but of variable amountas determined, not by variation of the inductive element 6H3, but rather by "variation of the condenser element 622, with all the'attendant advantages of such an arrangement.

I wish here to point out, that although this arrangement of. Figure 10 which substitutes for the inductive elements BIG and 5H of Figure 9, or

elsewhere in the calculating board where it may be used, comprises an arrangement in which use is made of a variable condenser for securing the adjusted value of the impedance in question, still in fact the arrangement of this Figure 10 is an inductive element (as long as the impedance value of the element (H8 is less than the impedance value of the element 622; so that I am thus able to make provision for adjustment of the value of the real capacity, incon'jugate form, by adjustment of another capacitive element in the calculating board. Thus, I am able to use condensers for simulating the inductances of the real network in conjugate form; and also I am able to use adjustable condensers for simulating the capacitances of the real network, such adjustable condensers of the calculating board being properly used in combination with inductances of sufficient, but generally fixed values. In this connection I here point out, that in case it should be -found desirable, the inductive value of the element 618 may be made variable, or two or more such inductances may be provided, either or both of which may be used in the series-parallel arrangement of Figure 10; and therefore I have shown, by the arrow 623 in Figure 10, that if desired the inductance of the element 6l-8 may also be adjustable or changed, in combination with the variable or adjustable condenser element 622.

In Figure 12 I have shown one arrangement of circuits and jacks whereby such an arrangement as that of Figure 10 may be readily used in a calculating board of the general form of that disclosed in my issued patent, No. 2,301,470, as well as other forms of calculating board. In this Figure 12 I have shown an adjustable value condenser arrangement which is usable in connection with various forms of circuit arrangements. This showing of Figure 12 also includes a separately adjustable resistance 232 which is normally in parallel with the condenser element, as distinguished from the overall arrangement shown in Figure 6, in which Figure '6 the resistance and condenser, while "being separately adjustable, are nevertheless normally in series connection with each other. I have also, in Figure 12 shown a special unit, corresponding to the inductance element and its inherent resistance 6I86l9 of Figure 10, which special unit of Figure 12 may be placed in parallel connection with this adjustable condenser so that a combination may thus be established corresponding to the complete series-parallel arrangement of Figure 10. At the same time the several elements of Figure 12 may be otherwise used from time to time gether with its inherent resistance 6l9,'are connected between the busbar 624 and the lead 628, so that the said busbar'and lead correspond to the terminals 620 and 62! of Figure 10, respectively. The busbar 624 is connected to the sleeves 629 and 636 of'the two jacks 626 and 621,

respectively, by the "lead 631; and the lead 626 is connected to the ring contact 632 of the jack 626, and to the tip contact 633 of the jack 621 by the leads 634 and 635, respectively. The busbar 625 is connected to the ring contact 636 of the jack 621 and to the contact631 of said jack by means of the lead 638. This contact 631 is normally in engagement with the tip contact 633 of the jack 621, but such engagement is broken when the plug is inserted into said jack. The busbar 625 may be connected to ground; and the busbar 624 may be connected to the miniature network at such a position as to correspond to one end of the transmission line being simulated.

The adjustable value'condenser elements includes the busbars 639 and 640, and the jacks GM and 642. This adjustable condenser element also includes the fixed value condensers and switching means similar to corresponding parts of the arrangement shown in Figure 6. In the present case, however, I have chosen to illustrate only three decades of condensers and corresponding switching means, and also these parts are connected in somewhat difierent manner from that sh w n i u e n h res n c se t e, a

Capacity, CondenserNumber (Figure 12) Microfarads (Illustrative) 2:9 as; 648 Decade No.1 030009 649 10.0018 22% r r. as 652 Decade V 706 656 Decade No. 8... 8 657 Y 0:18

'WithOut describing in full detail all the condenser combinations which are possible with the illustrated arrangement it may be here stated that this arrangementwill, like that of Figure '6, permit of successive condenser groupings from a minimum of 0.0003 microfarad to a of .2997 microfarad, 'on'th'e assumption that all condensers are of exactly their rated values. It is stated, however, that "the arrangement shown in Figure 12 'includesthe condenser and switch busbars 658 and 659, all or the s'wi'tchbl'ad'es being connected to the busbar'658, 'and'me free ends of all the condensers being connected to the busbar 659, so 'th'attheipropier condenser connections between these busbars are established 'by simple switch movements.

The busbar 658 is cassettes to 'the'busbar'639 by the lead 660. The 'busbar' 639 'is connected to 'the'sle've 6'6'l ofthe ia'ck'64l by the lead 662, and'the lead 660 is 2261 ected to the lead 662. The busbar 659 is connected totl'ietip 663 o'f'the jack "642 by the lead664; and the "ring contact 665 of this 'jack642 Ts "conr'iect''zd to the'biisba'r 640 by the lead 666. The tip and ring contacts 663 and 665'are formallyin'cohnectionwitheach othe'rbythesprmg mammal 'Tlie busbar 641] is connected to tnering contact 668 "of the jack 641 by'the lead 669';"and'the busbar 658is'c'on nected to the 'sleewe'coiitaet 610 of the jack "642 by the 'lead'61I.

With the "so-fardescribedconnections the "fol lowing relations may be established: I

Upon inserting 'apatch cerd'irito the jacks '621 and 6M it will be found thatfbeginningtrith the lead 628 (or 635) one circuit will be traced through the resistance "6 I9 and inductance 616, busbar 624, and *leadf63l 'to the -sleeve-contact 639 ofthe jack-621. Thelad635 isco'nn-ected to the tip-contact of-saidj'a'ck621, sothat thus far we have placed the inductance '618 and-its inherent resistance-61 9 in seriesbetweenthe tip and sleeve contacts ofethe jack 621. The ring contact632 of =jack'626 is connected to tip contact 633 of-jack-621 and' sleevec ontact6-29 of jack 626 is connected to sleeve contact 636 of jack 621. Upon inserting 'a'pat'ch cord into the jack 626 and the jack 644 the following additional circuits are formed: y

The tip contact of the jack .621 is connected to the free ends of the condensers of the several. decades through'the'. leads-.635and 634, ring cone tact 63.2 of jack, 626,.;cord,,ring contact .1666 not jack't ll, matte, busbar s40, lead eta-sprin contact 661, tip contact 663 of jack i542, andlead 664 to busbartEQ which is in turn connected to condenser group has been placed in parallel with.

the resistance-inductance combination MEL-6H3,

and thus the series-parallel arrangement of Fig-.- ure '10 has been reproduced inthe connections of Figure 12, but with the condenser group adjustable by proper settings of-the several decade In other words, the tip contact 633 switches. of the jack 621 has been connected to busbar MD- and-has been made to correspond to the terminal 52! of Figure 10, andthe sleeve contact 63cc; Figure 12, jack 62?, has been connected 7 to,busbar 639 and has beenmade to correspond to .the terminal 620 of Figure 10. a

In Figure 12 I have also shown the resistance 232, corresponding to the like'resistance 232 of Figures 4 and 5 ofthis case. It is to be noted, however, that upon inserting the plug of the patch cord into the jack fi ll-of Figure 12 of the.

present application, this resistance is cut out of the circuit by opening of the spring contact 6' between the tip contact 612 and the ring contact fifiii of the jack 6 H, so that when the arrangement of Figure 10 is simulated in Figure 12 this resistance 232 is cut out of the circuit. By

reason of this -;;;feature the following arrangement isreadily adopted in theentire or complete calculating board ensemble:

busbar 658,

A number of units such as shown in Figure 12 I may be provided in the calculating. board,;sufli.- cient. to meet all expected network. .elementsIto in conjugate form, and possibly a few additional sucnunits may be provided. Thenwhenit is found necessary to'simulate a transmission line having large distributed capacity, simulation may be effected by selecting one of these units, and connecting same to an inductive unit such as shown by the series resistance-inductance combination Bl86l9 in the corner of Figure 12, use being made of a patch cord to effect such connection. By this means the several condenser elements may be interchangeably used for simulations of various network load elements in conjugate, and from time to time some of these condenser elements may also be used, in combination with suitable series resistance-inductive units for simulation of cases of distributed capacity in the real network.

It is to be noted that when such a patch cord has been inserted into the jacks 626 and 641, the jack 621 may be used to receive the plug of a cord whereby the complete calculating board connections are established for permitting adjustment of the decade switches, using the current responsive instrument during such adjustments, or for reading charging currents, or for other purposes.

The current responsive instrument 3H may be any one of several types of alternating current responsive indicating instruments. As previously stated, I may wish to use a thermionic amplifier in conjunction with this instrument, or I may employ the arrangement shown in my copending application, Serial No. 770,850, or other suitable intermediate circuit arrangements between simulate. lead elements of a real network circuit thez-instrument and able deflections of such instrument in response to such current values as it is convenient to use; in'the calculating board circuits herein disclosed;

and under the conjugate system'of operation herein'disclosed. Such instruments may be pro vided with suitable scales such as are shown for example, in Letters Patent, No; 2,301,470.

1. In an alternating current calculating board}.

a circuit forthe representation of a real-not work branch having resistance and inductive reactance, said circuit including a resistance sec-v ;,tion, independently adjustable to simulate the resistance of said real network branch, and a capacitive reactance section independently ad.

justable to simulate the inductive reactance of said real network branch, in conjugate form, means for r the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected con-, figuration, apotential source,- current responsive,, indicating means, and means for the independent, adjustment of said adjustable resistance and..-ad justable capacitive reactance sections to selected. settings as indicated by said current responsive indicating means. r 2. In an alternatingcurrentcalculating board,

ance said circuit including a resistance-section adjustable to simulate theresistance of said real network branch, and a capacitive reactance section adjustable-to simulatethe inductive reactancejof said real network branchin conjugate forrn means for the interconnection of a plurality ofv such circuits to form a network of... selected configuration, a potential source, current responsive indicating --means, and means for the. adjustment of said adjustable resistance and adjustable reactancesections to selected settings as indicated by said current-responsive indicating 3 Inan alternating current calculating board, a circuit for the representation of a real network branch having resistance and inductive reactance, said circuit including a resistance section adjustable to simulate the resistance of said real network branch, and a capacitive reactance section adjustable to simulate the inductive reactance of said real network branch in conjugate form, means for the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected configuration, and means for the adjustment of each of said adjustable resistance and adjustable capacitive reactance sections to selected simulating settings.

4. An alternating current calculating board for the solution of actual electrical networks which actual networks include branches having known impedances, said calculating board including a plurality of branches, and means for interconnecting said calculating board branches in a configuration to simulate an actual network, a potential source, and current responsive indicating means, each of said calculating board branches having an impedance which is in a predetermined ratio to the conjugate of the impedance of the corresponding actual network branch.

5. In an alternating current calculating board, a circuit for the simulation of an actual-network branch having resistance and reactance by a simulating impedance of equal but opposite impedance angle, said circuit including a substanthe remainder of the calcu'eg lating 1 board-to makeit possible to ensure read-v.

tially non-reactive resistance section independently adjustable to simulate the resistance of said actual network branch, and including a substantially non-resistive reactance section independently adjustable to simulate the reactance of said actual network branch in opposite reactive sense, means for the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected configuration, a potential source, current responsive indicating means, and means for the independ- 'ent adjustment of said adjustable resistance and adjustable reactance sections to selected settings as indicated by said current responsive indicating means. h

6. In an alternating current calculating board, a circuit for the simulation of an actual network branch having resistance and reactance, said circuit including a non-reactive resistance section adjustable to simulate the resistance of said actual network branch, and a reactance sec'-- tion adjustable to simulate the reactance of said actual network branch in conjugate form, means for the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected configuration, a potential source, current responsive indicatingmeans, and means for the adjustment of said adjustable resistance and adjustable reactance sections to'selectedsettings as indicated by saidcurrent responsive indicating means.

7. 'In an alternating current calculating board, a circuit for the simulation of an actual network branch having reactance by a simulating impedance of opposite impedance angle, said circuit including a section adjustable to simulate the reactance of said actual network branch in opposite reactive sense, means for the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected configuration, a potential source, current responsive indicating means, and

means for the adjustment of said adjustable F: I V 2 branch-Having reactance, said circuit including a section adfi ustable to simulate the reactance of said actual network-branch in conjugate form, means for the interconnection of a plurality of such circuits to form a network of selected configuration, and means for the adjustment of each of said adjustable sections to selected simulating settings.

9. In an alternating current calculating board for the solution of actual alternating current networks by simulation, said actual networks including branches having known impedances, a

circuit for the simulation of an actual network branch, said circuit including a substantially REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,167,693 Hoyt Jan. 11, 1916 1,240,213 Hoyt Sept. 18, 1917 1,498,915 Hoyt June 24, 1924 1,767,200 Bartlett June 24, 1930 1,815,629 Milnor July 21, 1931 2,301,470 Starr Nov. 10, 1942 2,323,588 Enns July 6, 1943 

